Bending moment in a beam Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bending moment in a beam - Lab Report Example l try to explain how bending occurs in simply supported beams, and it will also compare measured or the experimental values of bending moments with that of the theoretical values of the bending moments. The bending moments of different cross –sectional areas have different formulae of calculating the moments. This experiment will use a rectangular shaped cross-sectional beam for easier working and better understanding. The main objective of this simple experiment is to determine the bending of a beam that is simply supported that is subjected to the various loads that are arranged as shown below. The experiment will also help to compare the measured or the experimental values of bending moments with the values calculated using the theoretical approach. In this experiment, a simply supported beam, a spring load gauge and weights placed in weight hangers are used. A level spirit gauge is also used to check whether the beam is properly aligned. A simply supported beam is pivoted at a point and then loaded with different weights. A spring load gauge is connected to the beam at the pivot. The apparatus is as shown in the diagram. The span of the beam (L) and the distance to the bending moment position (x) from the left support are to be measured, and the values are recorded. The vertical distance between the pivot point and the spring load gauge (y) is to be measured too, and the value is recorded. The beam is then leveled by adjusting the horizontal spring load gauge and checked with a spirit level. Load hangers are then applied to the beam at the positions shown in the above diagram, and the positions are then recorded. Masses of 0.5 kilograms or 1.0 kilogram are added to the load hangers as shown in the table below. The beam is then leveled by adjusting the horizontal spring load gauge and checked with a spirit level. The reading from the horizontal spring load gauge is recorded. Remove all the loads from the hangers and repeat the steps from measuring and

How did minority groups struggle for civil rights Essay Example for Free

How did minority groups struggle for civil rights Essay They were saying that a new culture is spreading like a wild fire in opposition with the culture of waging war. Perhaps this has something to do with the 58,000 American soldiers who died instantly in the Vietnam War during the sixties and another 5,000 and more dying in the Iraqi war of today. People demonstrated to give peace a chance with 250,000 citizens marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument (Cassutto, 1999), several propagandas to lead the largest anti-war campaign by some minority groups struggling for their civil rights to be heard. Some of them are the Chicago Seven, Students for a Democratic Society, the civil rights movement, the New Left and so forth. Counterculture groups protested and even launched riots that included fire and even death. With their self expressions or trends in the form of arts and poetry that seemed to be harmless in challenging the government of what they believed in, still some uses drugs, LSD and other vices which are very popular to the youth of today. It seemed that if contempt breeds contempt then same too with violence and regression. The Sixties Project Web Site challenges on opinions and the recent history. Those who lived in the sixties could tell and reflect on their stories. They even have Vietnam Generation Journal which can be very interesting for researching scholarly works to create a change. However, there will always be war no matter what we do. Histories have repeated itself and life’s hard earned lessons proven it. As long as there is governance that stands for the truth, thought it is not perfect America will stand to upheld liberty and democracy among all nations. There will always be war to combat evil and as long as there is a country to be protected from villains. References Cassutto, G. (1999). Counterculture of the Sixties [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 14 September 2007 from http://www. cyberlearning-world. com/nhhs/html3/culture. htm.

Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to Anterior Teeth

Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to Anterior Teeth Medident Prevalence of traumatic injuries TO ANTERIOR TEETH IN CHILDREN AGED 8-12 YEARS IN KANPUR CITY Abstract: Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence, causes and anatomical risk factors of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among the 8 to 12 years old school going children in Kanpur city, India. Material Methods: The sample size included 2913 school children aged 8 to 12years from 30 both private and government schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to draw the sample. To record teeth injuries; the classification of Ellis (Ellis et al 1970), as modified by Holland (Holland et al 1988) was used. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out in the present study. Chi-Square Test and Z-test for a proportion (Binomial distribution) was used during statistical analysis. P values P à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ 0.05were considered statistically significant. Results: The study shows prevalence of 10.57% of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among 8-12 years old school going children (prevalence of 8.25% at the age of 8 years which reached to 14.12%% at the age of 12 years). Boys were more involved (14%) than girls (6.7%). The maxillary central incisors (89.29%) were the most affected teeth followed by the lateral incisors (6.82%). Fractures involving only enamel (79.87%) were the most frequent type of traumatic dental injuries. Falls (46.75%) were the most frequent cause of trauma followed by collisions (7.14%).Traumatic Dental Incisors were more prevalent among those with overjet >3.5mm and inadequate lip coverage. Conclusion: Children being male and having an overjet >3.5 mm inadequate lip coveragewere associated with a higher probability of having a traumatized tooth. Keywords:  Prevalence, Traumatic dental Injuries, Anterior teeth, overjet Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries to the permanent incisors are common amongst children. They have an unfavorable social and psychological impact on the quality of life of children and adolescents when they do not receive adequate treatment. The result from the fact that it mainly affects the anterior teeth, causing physical and psychological discomfort, pain, loss of function of mastication and phonation, decreased self esteem and embarrassment when smiling, therefore has a direct impact on the social life of affected individuals1. Dental trauma is associated with several etiological and risk factors. Data from dental clinics and hospital based studies have shown that falls, collisions, sports activities, traffic accidents and high levels of violence are the main etiological factors2. Epidemiological studies reveal that one out of two children sustains a dental injury, most often between the ages of 8 and 12 3. Despite its importance, there are few reports available on the epidemiology of injuries to the teeth of children in developing and industrialized countries, in particular when compared to epidemiological data on dental caries and periodontal diseases4. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries amongst school going children in different parts of the world varies from a low 2.6 (Macko et al 5) to a high of 43.8 % (Marcenes and Murray6). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate prevalence, causes and the anatomic risk factors of the traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among 8 12 years old school going children in Kanpur city. Material Methods: Ethical approval: The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Rama Dental College, Hospital Research Centre. The examinations were conducted with permission from the education authorities and head teachers and the informed consent of the children’s parents. Study group: Three thousand school children between the age group of 8-12 years were randomly selected from both the Government and Private schools of Kanpur were initially examined. Eighty seven children were excluded from the study because they had a history of or were currently receiving orthodontic treatment. Thus the total number of children included in this study was 2913. Data was collected by an interview and oral examination. A Performa was prepared to collect data during oral examination and brief face-to-face interview. A single examiner trained and calibrated for the criteria used, conducted both the interview of the parents and the clinical examination of the children. The children were examined at their schools under natural light. Children who participated in the study were examined at the schools during school hours, in a predetermined timetable, as arranged with the school authorities. Data collected during the interview: Time of the accident: Type of accident Place of accident. Data collected during Clinical Examination: To record teeth injuries, the classification of Ellis7, as modified by Holland et al.8 was used: Class 1: Fracture of enamel only. Class 2: Fracture of enamel and dentine; without pulp involvement. Class 3: Fracture of enamel and dentine; with pulp involvement. Class 4: Discoloration of the tooth, with or without a sinus. Class 5: Displacement; extrusion, intrusion, and lateral displacement. Class 6: Tooth loss as a result of trauma. Class 7: Tooth restored by composite or crown following fracture. At the time of survey the soft tissue injuries were not always recorded. In addition, vitality tests and radiographic examinations were not carried out; therefore, root factures were not recorded. Endodontic treatment could not be recorded, and endodontic treatment needs were calculated based on the presence of discoloration, fistulous tract and fracture with pulp exposure. The horizontal relation of the incisors was measured with a CPITN periodontal probe. The measurement was done holding the CPITN periodontal probe parallel to the occlusal plane. The children were separated into two groups according to overjet of less than 3.5mm and 3.5mm or more than 3.5mm. Incisal overjet was not recorded where there was a loss of upper incisors or if a lingual cross bite was present. To record lip pattern, each child was instructed to stand in a specified position and the lip line carefully observed. If in the rest position, the incisors were covered completely by the lips, the lip coverage was scored adequate; otherwise an inadequate score was recorded. Results: Table 1 shows the number and proportion of children who had at least one traumatized permanent anterior teeth. Table 1: The number and proportion of children with traumatized anterior teeth Discussion: The prevalence of trauma to anterior teeth in this study (10.57%) corroborates the assertion that dental injuries among children frequently present between 10% and 20% (Dearing et al9, 1984). The fact that in this study, boys had suffered more traumatic dental injuries than girls (boys-53.14%, girls-46.86%) is basically explained by behavioral or even cultural factors, in that boys engage in leisure activities or sports of generally more aggressive nature or with a greater accident risk than girls do. This research agrees with most other studies that show higher incidence of trauma in males10-14. However, few authors have shown similar trauma in boys and girls15, 16. The most common cause of traumatic dental injuries, observed in this present study was falls. The difficulty of grouping falls as a cause of trauma was reported in 1970. In the present study, the children that suffered dental trauma were asked about the causes of fall for the purpose of distinguishing falls without pushing from the ones in which the individual was pushed, which were grouped in the ‘violence’ category, because they represent a form of aggression. The percentage of schoolchildren that did not remember the accident was also high, which could result in the under reporting of violent incidents. The school going children examined, suffered trauma mostly at home and on the streets. Thus the discussion about healthy environments becomes highly relevant, because environment and health are interdependent and non-separable. Therefore, every place, appraised as alive territory, where exists a relation between children and nature (family, work relationship, leisure, education), are environments that must be favorable to health17. Maxillary central incisors (89.29%) were the most commonly involved teeth during dental trauma than other anterior teeth because of their morphology and location which makes them more susceptible to traumatic injuries18. The result agrees with the findings of Chen et al10(77%), caliskan Turkun14(66.2%), Zaragoza et al19.(87.9%), Zermancavarella12(80%) and Borssen Holm20(67%). Fractures involving only enamel (79.87%) were the most frequent type of traumatic dental injuries observed in our study sample, agreeing with other studies22-24. Vernier calipers provide an accurate measurement of overjet under ideal conditions. However, since the study was carried out under field circumstances CPI style periodontal probe was used to measure overjet as it was more feasible. In relation to overjet, different authors have argued over which particular value should be regarded as an increased overjet or not. Thus, some recognize an increased overjet when the value is more than 3 mm, and others when it is more than 5 mm. Normal overjet was considered to be in the range of 0-3.5mm9. The CPITN probe served the need, since its markings were located at 3.5 and 5.5mm which facilitated the grouping of the children into ranges of 3.5mm. In our study we found that the risk trauma increased as the overjet increased, the finding was similar to various previous studies25-27. Traumatic dental injuries are also associated with normal function deviation and position of perioral tissues. As was seen in several previous studied29-32, it was observed in the present study that the schoolchildren that presented inadequate lip coverage showed a statistically significant association between the presence of this condition and the occurrence of dental trauma. This can be explained by reduction of cushioning effect in presence of incompetent lips. This study showed that 92.21% of children with dental trauma remained untreated and thus there was a need of dental treatment in 92.21% of children with dental trauma. The reasons for such neglect are unclear. One could suggest that in developing countries, the majority of the population cannot afford private dental treatment and the dental public services are unable to offer more complex treatments. Nevertheless, high levels of untreated traumatized teeth were found in developed countries as well, such as the UK where quality public dental services are accessible to the majority of the population. One factor that could be determining low rates of treatment is related to the fact that traumatic dental injuries is not a disease and parents might not pay the necessary attention to it. This could be related to the severity of the dental injury. As the majority of traumatic dental injuries affect only the enamel this could have a lower potential to produce a negative impact on children a nd their parents. Another aspect that could be enhancing the treatment neglect is the dentist’s lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of dental trauma, both in developed and in developing countries17. In conclusion, the dental injuries are frequently occurring during the different stages of life but they are particularly common in childhood. Although dental injuries are rarely life-threatening, they are of public health importance due to their high prevalence and impact on individuals and society in terms of pain, discomfort, social and functional limitation and handicap, and the effect on the child’s quality of life. Thus, there is need to create dental awareness through dental health education amongst school going children to improve their quality of life. Furthermore traumatic dental injuries are preventable; therefore public health preventive and promotive programmes should be encouraged to reduce the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in school going children. Health promotion policies should aim to create an appropriate and safe environment. Soft playground surfaces, school-crossing patrols, marked zebra crossings and bicycle lanes would help create a safe environment. The use of seat belts, air bags, special car seats for children and bicycle helmets should be enforced. Mouth guards should be used when playing sports, in particular contact sports. Public Health Education regarding the epidemiology of dental injuries and its prevention through health promotion may play a major role in reducing the prevalence of traumatic dental injury and avoiding the financial costs of treatment, especially in developing countries.

Civil Liberties Essay -- Government Politics USA Essays

Civil Liberties After September 11, 2001, in the United States of America, many aspects of our daily lives have changed. One notable change has been the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Many bills are being drafted to ensure the safety of the United States. We, as Americans, are going to have to sacrifice many of our civil liberties due to this tragic event. There are many good reasons why these bills are being drafted, but there are also negative effects such as the loss of civil rights. One particular bill being drafted is the USA PATRIOT Act. The USA PATRIOT Act puts the CIA back in the business of spying on Americans. It permits a vast array of information gathering on U.S. citizens from financial transactions, school records, Internet activity, telephone conversations, information gleaned from grand jury proceedings and criminal investigations to be shared with the CIA (and other non-law enforcement officials) even if it pertains to Americans. Most importantly, the information w ould be shared without a court order. While there is a need to shut down the financial resources used to further acts of terrorism, this legislation goes beyond its stated goal of combating international terrorism and instead reaches into innocent customers’ personal financial transactions. If the USA PATRIOT Act becomes a law, financial institutions would monitor daily financial transactions even more closely and be required to share information with other federal agencies, including foreign intelligence agencies such as the CIA. Section 358 requires that, in addition to law enforcement, intelligence agencies would also receive suspicious activity reports. These reports are usually about wholly domestic transactions of people in the United States, and do not relate to foreign intelligence information. In addition, Section 358 would allow law enforcement and intelligence agencies to get easy access to individual credit reports in secret. There would be no judicial review and no notice to the person to whom the rec ords relate. Through these provisions, the CIA would be put back in the business of spying on Americans, and law enforcement and intelligence agencies would have a range of personal financial information without ever showing good cause as to why such information is relevant to a particular investigation. Since September 11, Federal, state, and... ... at odds. Law enforcement authorities already have great leeway under current law to investigate suspects in terrorist attacks – including broad authority to monitor telephone and Internet communications. In fact, under current law, judges have rejected only three federal or state criminal wiretap requests in the last decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"This is a country that understands that people have fundamental God-given rights and liberties and our government is constituted to protect those rights. We cannot – in our efforts to bring justice – diminish those liberties,† said Sen. George Allen, R-Va., in a statement responding to the terrorist attacks. â€Å"Clearly this is not a simple, normal criminal case. This is an act of war, and those rules of warfare may apply. But here at home and domestically, we need to make sure that we’re not tempted to abrogate any civil rights such as habeas corpus, protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the freedom of expression and peaceable assembly, or freedom of religion.† Sources Cited: 1. www.aclu.org, The American Civil Liberties Union, 2001 2. www.corpwatch.org, CorpWatch, 2001 3. www.msnbc.com, MSNBC Terms and Conditions, 2001

Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a Big Family Essay

Nowadays more and more people tend to have only one child or not to have children at all. The reasons are different: some of them want to have more time to themselves, some want to get to the top in their career and some just don’t want to have such a big responsibility. Either big or small families have their advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of them. To begin with, children from bigger families are more sociable while the only child in the family may be a little bit too shy. It is said, that children who haven’t got any siblings and get a lot of love and attention from the parents, start taking everything for granted and become spoiled. I think, it depends not on the size of the family, but on parents and the way they are bringing their child up. And on the other side, in bigger families parents may have their ‘favourites’ and love them more than the others. It is completely wrong and may leave some of the siblings sad and miserable. Also, the more children people have, the harder it may be to provide them with food, clothes, education and other necessary things. For me, the option of having a big family is unacceptable. Even one child seems to be too much. I’m not quite mature and I don’t think I ever will be, and I realize what a huge responsibility the family bond is, so I won’t decide to have a child until there remains even the smallest shadow of a doubt. Also, I can’t imagine taking care of someone except myself and how I’m going to sacrifice all my freetime and interests, and hobbies, and lifestyle for the sake of constant cooking, clothes washing and house cleaning. And no matter how many advantages a big family has, I’m not going to change my mind.

EFL Worksheets for Conditional Forms

ESL/EFL Worksheets for Conditional Forms Here is a quick review of the first and second conditional forms. Both first and second conditionals  are used to imagine situations in the present or future. In general, the first conditional, or real conditional is used to express what will happen if a certain event takes place in the present or future. It is called the real conditional because it refers to situations which are truly possible. First/Real Conditional If Subject Present Simple (positive or negative) Objects, Subject Future with Will (positive or negative) Objects Examples: If he finishes the work on time, we will play a round of golf this afternoon.If the meeting is successful, we will become partners with Smith and Co. Unless can be used in the first conditional to mean if not. Examples: Unless he hurries up, we will be late.Unless it rains, we wont get wet. The if clause can also be placed at the end of the sentence. In this case, no comma is required. Examples: They will be very happy if he passes the exam.Jane will marry Tom if he asks her tonight. Second/Unreal Conditional The second  or unreal conditional is used to speculate about things that are impossible or improbable. If Subject Past Simple (positive or negative) Objects, Subject Would Verb (positive or negative) Objects Examples: If he won the lottery, he would buy a new home.If they were happy, theyd have more fun. Were is used for all subjects. Some universities such as Cambridge University also accept was as being correct. Others expect were for all subjects. Examples: If I were you, Id buy a new car.If she were American, she could remain in the country. The if clause can also be placed at the end of the sentence. In this case, no comma is required. Examples: They would be rich if he were to invent a new type of battery.Angela would be proud of her son got straight As at school. Conditional 1 Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first conditional. If Mary _____ (have) enough money, shell come with us on vacation.I _____ (make) some coffee if you boil some water.If you _____ (work) hard, youll finish the project on time.Unless he _____ (be) late, well meet at six oclock.If I tell you a secret, ______ (you promise) not to tell anyone?She _____ (not attend) unless he makes the presentation.If Joe cooks dinner, I _____ (make) dessert.Jane _____ (play) the violin if you ask her nicely.Our children wont eat vegetables if they _____ (not have) orange juice.If David _____ (not be) late, we will make the decision soon. Conditional 2 Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the second conditional. If he _____ (work) more, he would finish on time.They would do well on the test if they _____ (study) more.If I _____ (be) you, I would run for president!Mary _____ (buy) a new jacket if she had enough money.If Jason flew to New York, he _____ (visit) the Empire State Building.We _____ (take) a break, if our boss werent so nervous today.If Sally _____ (go), she wouldnt return!Alan wouldnt know if you _____ (ask) him.Jennifer _____ (refer) you for the position if she thought you were qualified.Alison wouldnt help them if they _____ (not ask) for help. Conditionals 1 2 Mixed Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first or second conditional. If she knows the time, she _____ (come) to the meeting.She _____ (attend) the meeting if she had the time.Peter _____ (say) yes if you ask him.Unless he _____ (finish) soon, we wont be able to come.If he _____ (be) president, he would invest more in education.What _____ (you do) if you were president?She _____ (fly) Northwest Airlines if she has a choice.If I _____ (think) I could do it, I would do it!Alan would invite Mary if it _____ (be) his party.She wont marry Peter if he _____ (ask) her. Conditional 1 Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first conditional. If Mary  has  enough money, shell come with us on vacation.I  will make  some coffee if you boil some water.If you  work  hard, youll finish the project on time.Unless he  is  late, well meet at six oclock.If I tell you a secret,  will you promise  not to tell anyone?She  wont attend  unless he makes the presentation.If Joe cooks dinner, I  will make  dessert.Jane  will play  the violin if you ask her nicely.Our children wont eat vegetables if they  dont have  orange juice.If David  isnt  late, we will make the decision soon. Conditional 2 Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the second conditional. If he  worked  more, he would finish on time.They would do well on the test if they  studied  more.If I  were  you, I would run for president!Mary  would buy  a new jacket if she had enough money.If Jason flew to New York, he  would visit  the Empire State Building.We  would take  a break, if our boss werent so nervous today.If Sally  went, she wouldnt return!Alan wouldnt know if you  asked  him.Jennifer  would refer  you for the position if she thought you were qualified.Alison wouldnt help them if they  didnt ask  for help. Conditionals 1 2 Mixed Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first or second conditional. If she knows the time, she  will come  to the meeting.She  would attend  the meeting if she had the time.Peter  will say  yes if you ask him.Unless he  finishes  soon, we wont be able to come.If he  were  president, he would invest more in education.What  would you do  if you were president?She  will fly  Northwest Airlines if she has a choice.If I  thought  I could do it, I would do it!Alan would invite Mary if it  were  his party.She wont marry Peter if he  asks  her.