Free Essays on Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment

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Questions: What Is Regarded As The Internet Of Things? How Are These Issues Being Addressed? What Are Some Of The Solutions That Internet Of Things Solved? Which Are Some Of Technology Which Are Used In Internet Of Things? Answers: Presentation The universe of innovation has progressed massively in the course of recent years. Consistently there is propelling of a given innovation (Bonomi, Milito, Zhu Addepalli, 2012). Among such innovation which has overwhelmed the world is the web off things (IOT). In this exploration it intends to investigate more on this subject of web of things. A portion of the examination addresses which will be tended to are as per the following; Outline of web of things The web of things is the rambling arrangement of innovations which utilizes the cases which have no reasonable, definition. One of the serviceable casings of the web of things is the utilization of the system associated gadgets that are inserted in the physical condition, so as to improve a portion of the current procedure or maybe empower another situation which was impractical beforehand (Da Xu, He Li, 2014). Each individual uses a keen gadget which could be anything from that contain a hardware, sensors, programming that are associated with a system. The term web of things in this respects alludes to the interconnection of every one of these things (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic Palaniswami, 2013). When they are propelled online they are equipped for gathering and trading information with no human intercession. As of late, it has been seen that innovations, for example, the web of things have developed because of web of things innovation. Uses of the web of things This innovation has been utilized in all the ventures running from use at home just as other field, for example, medication, building and for activities in the business. Some of ways it has been joined is as per the following; Wellbeing area: with regards to the wellbeing part the world has experienced a high number of people looking for the clinical consideration. The main problem emerges when there is absence of enough skill in this segment (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic Palaniswami, 2013). Be that as it may, to manage this issue the web of things has consolidated framework which are utilized in remote checking of the patients particularly in the finding and the conveyance of the right medication to the patients. Another utilization of the web of things is in home mechanization. People can associate all articles they have extending from the machines just as the vehicles. With regards to the retail shop the web of things has been utilized (Ntuli Abu-Mahfouz, 2016). People today no longer utilize the standardized tags with regards to observing of the development of their products (Jones, 2015). With the application, for example, radio recurrence recognizable proof, the retail retailers have the ability of observing all their stock and get constant information which will be basic with regards to creation of choices (Jones, 2015). Furthermore, the IOT has been utilized in the business computerization, where the ventures are mechanizing the vast majority of their procedures to have the option to enhance their proficiency. The assembling and the coordinations parts have likewise not been abandoned with regards to gaining this innovation, particularly in the utilization of the machine to machine con nection just as having the option to follow their merchandise while they are in travel. The utilization of these innovation has been conceivable using the web of things. Security issues and arrangement in IOT As per Gartner (2013) he administers an existence where there are in excess of twenty six billion gadgets which have been associated with the web continuously 2020. Additionally, some specialist have taken this number to a significant level of fifty billion gadgets in a similar period (Rivera van der Meulen, 2013). This is a frightening pattern considering the ascent of the hacking issues which have been shown over the globe (Jones, 2015). In any case, there would be an enormous volume of information which will be produced each second, still the world presently can't seem to carry innovation to process such volume of information in a proficient way (Jones, 2015). The following are a portion of the security issues which have been experienced therefore being used of web of things. Security issues of IOT The present innovation involves one to make sure about the servers, PCs just as different gadgets utilizing most recent security conventions and practices (Jones, 2015). Regardless, the security of web of things can be difficult to keep up thinking of it as utilizations bi-directional correspondence whose security is as yet creating. A portion of the security issues which faces web of things are as per the following; One of the issue is the uncertain web interfaces. This is one of the best ten powerlessness which has been plot by the open web Application security venture (Jones, 2015). This danger is discovered I the web interfaces which are found in all the web of things gadgets. The subsequent issue is deficient confirmation. This typically happens when an application allows an assailant to get to delicate data or maybe usefulness without appropriate confirm, for example, getting to the controls of the administrator by setting off to the administrator registry without signing in (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). Consequently, when the gadgets permits client to login with a faltering secret key or secret phrase which are not secure enough the assailant could be able to have an entrance. Hacking: this alludes to the issue identified with the ransomware, the conveyed Denial assault or maybe a wholesale fraud. The issue with respect to this security concern is that a few gadgets are significant and in the occasion they are altered there could be disastrous impacts, for example, the wellbeing checking framework (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). In addition, the data which is contained there could be utilized for malevolent exercises by the digital lawbreakers. Security arrangements used in web of things There are different arrangements which could be set up to guarantee there is security in the web of things innovation, these are as per the following; Gadget status checking: every gadget which has been associated with the web should be observed all the more regularly (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). In the occasion the gadget goes disconnected, the client ought to be in a situation to know promptly and have gauges set up to stop the progression of information and have the option to recognize the unexpected changes on its status (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). A down to earth case of this is on the shrewd TV, in the occasion it goes disconnected this could imply that there is somebody who has messed with it or maybe there is issues of web blackout (Jones, 2015). The web of things metadata following projects could be used in, for example, a circumstance. Start to finish encryption: to be in a situation to empower there is a start to finish security, there is have to utilize innovation, for example, the Advanced Encryption standard which is coordinated with the current norms (Tan Wang, 2010). The utilization of such innovation could guarantee that lone the gadgets which have an encryption keys are equipped for transmitting just as unscrambling information from the wellspring of the gadgets. Another way could be through instruction of the clients: According to look into it has been realized that one of the primary driver of security assault of these gadgets has been on the grounds that most people don't have a clue how to set up the gadgets well (Weber, 2010). It is imperative to instruct the clients on the potential dangers and methods of keeping them secure and how they could diminish assaults. Start to finish entrance testing: this test is normally attempted to recognize any sort of vulnerabilities which could exists in the web of things gadgets interface and the proper arrangements which can be applied to limit these dangers (Weber, 2010). The prohibition on the Open Inbound ports in gadgets: already, there were ports which were at first utilized for correspondence between the gadgets (Xia, Yang, Wang Vinel, 2012). The significant worry with them is that they request to be left open, this could make a helplessness for the aggressors who can obtain entrance. At the point when one doesn't utilize these ports, and on the other hand utilizes the outbound associations, the gadgets stay secure. Advances related with web of things and application to genuine world One of the innovation is the Internet of things investigation; these innovation will in general produce a ton of volume of information consistently, along these lines there is requirement for the frameworks to break down on this information and give valuable information to deciding (Xia, Yang, Wang Vinel, 2012). A case of this is the wellbeing checking framework which screens the exercises of an individual and impart any progressions which is displayed. Another innovation is the disseminated processing stream stages (DCSP) (Xia, Yang, Wang Vinel, 2012). These innovation have ability of preparing high pace of information stream which is given by the web of things gadgets in performing errands for instance recognizable proof of the example and the continuous examination. Numerous business could use such innovation when they need to anticipate the market. End As of now, the world is opening to the potential outcomes of the web of things. Every day gadgets are being created and are being associated with the web. There are numerous advantages which have been picked up because of this interconnection. By the by, as featured in the exploration, this has been realized by numerous difficulties on the gadgets. The issue ranges from information robbery, which are deteriorating each day. The world in this way needs to concentrate more on the best way to improve the security of the web of things gadgets. References Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S. (2012, August). Mist figuring and its job in the web of things. In Proceedings of the main release of the MCC workshop on Mobile distributed computing (pp. 13-16). ACM. Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S. (2014). Web of things in

Can Paying off a Loan Hurt Your Credit Score

Can Paying off a Loan Hurt Your Credit Score Can Paying off a Loan Hurt Your Credit Score? Can Paying off a Loan Hurt Your Credit Score?Dont worry, it is very rare that paying off a personal loan will cause your score to drop, but it does happen every so often.Wait a minute, did you read that title right? Paying off a personal loan might lower your credit score?Unfortunately, it is indeed possible. Thankfully, it’s far from the norm. We’ll reiterate this point later on, but paying off your debts is almost always going to help your credit score.So if you only take one thing away from this article, it’s that you should pay your bills on time and in full.OK, now let’s actually address the question. But first, let’s go over credit scores.If you’re a regular reader of the Financial Sense Blog, you probably already know the factors that make up your credit score inside and out. But this could be someone’s first financial article ever! So we’ll just do a quick run-through.The three major credit bureaus, Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax collect financial informati on which is used to generate your FICO credit score. FICO scores  are a number between 300 and 850. The higher the score, the better loans you’ll be able to access and at better rates.There are five factors that go into your credit score. In descending order of importance, they are:payment historyamounts owed (also known as credit utilization)the length of your credit historycredit mixnew inquiriesWant a more in-depth break down of each of those factors and the activities you should pursue to positively affect them? Well, then we’ve got an article for you!Pretty much never.As we made clear in the opening paragraph, paying off your loans is almost always going to have a positive effect on your credit score.“Paying off your credit card or loan will never negatively impact your credit score,” advised Mike Pearson, founder of personal finance website  Credit Takeoff. “In fact, making on-time payments on your accounts is actually the single most important factor when it comes t o calculating your credit score. So where does this misconception come from?“I believe its when you pay off a credit card completely and then close the account. When you close a credit card, it can end up hurting your credit score because you have just lowered the amount of available credit you have, which will increase your credit utilization, which is the second most important credit score factor.“Generally, you want to keep a credit utilization under 30 percent. For example, say you have two credit cards, both with a $5,000 limit, and your credit card balance is $2,500. Since your balance is only 25 percent of your total available credit between your two cards, you are in good shape. However, look at what happens when you close one of those credit cards.Suddenly, your total available credit is only $5,000 in total. And if you have a $2,500 balance, your credit utilization has just doubled to 50 percent. In this instance, your credit score will definitely drop as a result of having a high credit utilization.“In short: paying off your credit card will never hurt your score, only when you close the card for good.”So that’s the story with credit cards. But perhaps there are some instances where paying off an installment loan will have a negative impact on your credit score?But not quite never.There are actually a few instances where paying off a loan may have a somewhat negative impact on your score.“In general, paying down a balance will help your credit rating,” explained Todd Christensen, education manager for  Money Fit by DRS, Inc. (@MoneyFitbyDRS). “Paying it off is even better. That said, there is some gray area where some balance payoffs may not help much if at all. This is particularly true for old collection accounts that are about to fall off your credit report or already have.“If the debts are no longer reporting to your credit (in theory, seven years from the last time your account changed status, such as from on time to late or from late to paid as agreed, though in practice seven-and-a-half years is what you can expect), they have no impact on your credit rating.By paying them down or off, you are possibly changing the reporting status form late or default to paid, which could restart the seven-year reporting period. But such accounts, even though paid, would still report for those seven years as a collection or charged off account, albeit with a $0 balance.“Paying a balance down to $0 is one of the best things you can usually do to build or rebuild your credit. After keeping your account status in the ‘paid as agreed’ range, lowering your account balances should be your next priority.“It is not an easy choice. Most people want to pay off or down their debts. In cases of very old debts, doing so can complicate, if not damage, your credit rating. It never hurts to ask the collection agency or creditor holding your old debt to accept the payment but not to restart the credit reporting period. Just g etting it in writing.”Dave Sullivan, vice-president of marketing for the People Driven Credit Union (@peopledrivencu) reiterated that paying off a loan can occasionally lower your credit score and urged the always important advice of looking at each instance on a case-by-case basis:“Paying an installment loan off can also reduce a credit score if there are no other installment or mortgage accounts on the credit history. As with all credit advice, it depends on the individuals credit profile.”There’s also the issue of student loans. While paying off your student loans is, of course, something to be celebrated, it’s not unlikely that doing so will cause a hit to your credit score. We’ve actually covered the phenomenon previously.Lastly, there are no credit check loans like payday loans, cash advances, title loans, and other types of bad credit loans. Many of these lenders dont report payment information, which means that the loans wont affect your score at allâ€"unless it gets sold to a debt collector.So to sum up, you should pay off your debts. Just know there is a chance your credit score could go down and plan accordingly if necessary. To learn more about how you can improve your credit score, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsCredit Utilization Ratio: Why It’s Important, and How to Master ItNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreHow to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at AllDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsAuthor and Accredited Financial Counselor ®, Todd R. Christensen, MIM, MA, is Education Manager at  Money Fit by DRS, Inc. (@MoneyFitbyDRS), a nationwide nonprofit financial wellness and credit counseling agency. Todd develops educational programs and produces materials that teach personal financial skills and responsibilities to all ages. Having facilitated nearly two thousand workshops since 2004 on the fundamentals of effective money management, he based his first book, Everyday Money for Everyday People (2014), on the discussions, tips, stories and ideas shared by the tens of thousands of individuals and couples in attendance.Mike  Pearson  is the founder of  Credit Takeoff, a research-driven personal finance site for people looking to improve their credit. A proud member of the 800 Credit Club,  Mike  writes about practical steps that everyday consumers can take to increase their credit scores. His advice on credit repair and credit scores has appeared in QuickBooks, Go Banking Rates, and MortgageLoan.com.Dave Sullivan  is the VP of Marketing for People Driven Credit Union. He started in the mortgage industry as a loan officer in 1991. Less than one year later started selling credit reports to Mortgage Companies, Banks and Credit Unions. On September 19, 1997, he started AIR Credit Midwest out of his car. Over the next two years, Air Credit Midwest grew to a multi-million dollar company. In 2000, He sold Air Credit Midwest to one of the largest credit reporting bureaus. In 2011, Sullivan started a  YouTube channel providing free advice on improving your credit. He is the author of the book Transform Your Credit.

Euthanasia Essay Assisted Suicide is Wrong - 1114 Words

Assisted Suicide is Wrong A Saskatchewan farmer, Robert Latimer, was sentenced to life in prison last year for the 1993 second-degree murder of his severely disabled daughter, Tracy. He asphyxiated her with exhaust from his pick-up (Heinrich). Assisted Suicide is somewhat related to Euthanasia. The word Euthanasia comes from the Greek language: eu meaning good and thanatos meaning death. The meaning of the word has evolved from good death . It now refers to the act of ending a persons life, at their request. There are two types of Euthanasia. The first, Passive Euthanasia is the death of a person by removing life support equipment, stop taking medication, or not eating and drinking which allows the person†¦show more content†¦Assisted suicide is not an act of caring, it is an act of killing, says Dr. Michael H. Levy, M.D. , Ph.D., at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. If all people had access to skilled pain management, along with psychological and spiritual support, assisted suicide would not be necessary (Saevri). Instead of assisted suicide, many people choose hospice care. Hospice care is a program that provides care for patients at home, where a nurse, doctor, social worker, chaplain and volunteers come in during the week to help care for the patients. This helps the patient and family to say good bye and make plans and adjustments. According to Dr. Sherwin Nuland, a surgeon and author in California, Five out of six of the reasons a patient says he wants to die are something a medical establishment can deal with or treat. Other studies show that pain is not the main reason the dying ask for a doctors help in committing suicide. A majority of the dying said that they were afraid of being a burden (Shapiro). Attitudes have changed during the 1900s. Before then most of the deaths were children who died of infections diseases. Most people died at home, surrounded by their families. People were familiar with dying and saw it as a natural part of life. Then vaccines, better medicinesShow MoreRelatedActive Euthanasia: Physician Assisted Suicide is Wrong Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesActive Euthanasia: Physician Assisted Suicide is Wrong The issue at hand is whether physician-assisted suicide should be legalized for patients who are terminally ill and/or enduring prolonged suffering. In this debate, the choice of terms is central. The most common term, euthanasia, comes from the Greek words meaning good death. Sidney Hook calls it voluntary euthanasia, and Daniel C. Maguire calls it death by choice, but John Leo calls it cozy little homicides. Eileen Doyle pointsRead MoreDefending Euthanasia Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesand newspaper articles opposing the use of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide and who also is the Samuel Gale Professor of Law, Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, and Founding Director of the Centre for Medicine, Ethics, and Law at McGill University, Montreal, wrote the internet article titled â€Å"Against Euthanasia.† In the article Somerville blatantly states that any type of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide is completely and totally wrong under all circumstances. She offers the twoRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Euthanasia990 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Euthanasia Whose life is it, anyway? A Plea stated by the late Sue Rodrigues. Rogrigues, a high-profile, terminally-ill resident of British Columbia, Canada, suffered from a terminally ill disease (Robinson, 2001). She was helped to commit suicide by a physician in violation of Canadian law. Many people, like Rodrigues, want to be in control of their final days. Terminally ill patients have a terminal disease and do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medicalRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized1181 Words   |  5 Pagesenduring the pain because it would be illegal to kill you. A survey taken in the United States has shown that 54% agree to physician assisted suicide or euthanasia. Euthanasia preserves rights of an individual, brings an end to the pain, and provides death with dignity. Even though others may disagree and say that its religiously incorrect, physician assisted suicide should be legalized. In the United States, we have certain human rights and that includes the right to choose to end our livesRead MorePros and Cons on Assisted Suicide - Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesKeri Starkel Pros and cons on assisted suicide Pages 5 What happens to a person when they get so depressed that they are on the verge of suicide? Well the only answer would be to commit it but what if that person cant find the guts to go through it alone. Well then they ask for assistance. This is called assisted suicide. Assisted suicide or in other words euthanasia is the killing by an act of an independent human being for their own benefit. There are many kinds of definitions that one mustRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia Should be Allowed1214 Words   |  5 Pagesare on the verge of suicide? Well the only answer would be to commit it. But what if that person cant find the guts to go through it alone. Well then they ask for assistance. This is called assisted suicide. Assisted suicide or in other words euthanasia is the killing by an act of an independent human being for their own benefit. There are many kinds of definitions that one must argue the fact of, what is euthanasia. Well you would have to keep reading farther on. Euthanasia can either be voluntaryRead MoreEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In the following essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determination’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medicalRead MoreThe Ethics of Euthanasia Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesCarolina, physician-assisted suicide is illegal. Luckily, her father passed away this year and is finally free of pain and suffering. However, if physician-assisted suicide was legal, her father would not have had to suffer as long as he did. Before we explore the sides of physician-assisted suicide, let’s go over exactly what physician-assisted suicide entails. When the topic of physician-assisted suicide comes up, many individuals believe it is the same as euthanasia. Euthanasia involves a physicianRead More Assisted Suicide Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagesthe fifth assignment for the English class was by far the hardest essay I have had to write. Constantly was I running into problems, and this ended up taking me much longer than I had originally planned. Writing about the opposing side of this topic was very hard, as I usually caught myself writing things that I couldn’t make work in my paper. The writing was very tough to keep on track because it isn’t actually how I feel. This essay helped me to better understand the argument that is presented fromRead MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1656 Words   |  7 Pages Support the Right to Choose-Euthanasia Shawnna Meyer ENGL 111-02F Professor Heather Burford April 20, 2016 Situational Analysis: This essay is a formal academic manuscript that was written to provide personal bias about the topic of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. More specifically the essay addresses the religious aspects of this topic and what role it plays in the conflict. I, the author, am applying to the nursing school at IVY Tech. The audience for this piece of

The Visual Arts, Technology, And Philosophy - 1683 Words

One may wonder how much did The Information Age really contribute to society and, more specifically, the visual arts, technology, and philosophy. The Information Age, as defined by Gloria K. Fiero, is â€Å"dominated by radical changes in the technology of communication and the way we receive and process information† (Fiero, 476). The Information Age paved the way for several brilliant artists to not only share their work, but create their work. Artists, such as Andy Warhol, expressed their artistic abilities in the most unimaginable, yet creative approaches. In the case of Andy Warhol, Warhol created pop art, which artistically expresses popular culture in means of creating a compelling commercial advertisement. Furthermore, in the realm of†¦show more content†¦One of the artists responsible for video art would be Nam June Paik. Nam June Paik is a Korean artist and musician; Paik was known for assembling television sets to create a â€Å"rapid-fire assortment of ani mated and live-video images drawn from East and West,† additionally, Paik’s idea allowed for the creation of the jumbotron, which now allows to host several events close up (Fiero, 493). Moreover, total art is â€Å"the work of art itself† (Fiero, 492). Total art is far from being considered traditional art, yet it is rather creative and gives insight as to how the product is secondary compared to the process of creating art. Total art is expressed in the form of performance and ritual. Additionally, total art can take several different forms such as raves, flash mobs, and basically any moment that an individual would describe as art. Furthermore, Pop art is more of an extension of traditional art, yet the art is expressed in a manner that grabs the attention of an individual witnessing the painting. Pop art seems simplistic, however, pop art also seems to be loud and eye-piercing. Andy Warhol, the artist behind the creation of pop art, received the idea of pop a rt through his experiences as a commercial artist. Since western consumerism seamlessly began to expand, Warhol gave advertisements more life and personality in order to capture the attention of the audience. Without artistic freedom and willingness to accept theShow MoreRelatedHistory of American Art Education Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping nation, and art education was no exception to this. In order to come to terms with the impact of Western culture on American art education, it is important to chronicle the progression of art education throughout Europe. Spanning centuries, the political, social, and economic development of European nations, each played an important role the philosophies of art education, which in the long run, affected American ideas concerning the subject. Thoughts about art changed and evolved inRead MoreHumanities Today Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition, para 1).   The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, history, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts like music and theatre. The humanities that are called social sciences include technology, history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. Everywhere we go today we are bombarded with the fact that technology is advancing in making our lives easier by the second.   We can pay bills, order clothes and doRead MoreThe Chaos and Division of Asias History Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesdid not have divisions that lasted forever. Certain historical events, especially the emergence of the Sui dynasty in China was crucial in unifying Asians. Leadership approach, especially Yang Jian’s, was critical in the unification of China. 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Ancient Greece was the birthplace modern mathematics, science, philosophy, architecture, literature, theater, art, architecture, Democracy, Law, and competitive sports. The term mathematics was invented by Pythagoras. It means that which is learned. In turn, mathematical theories were applied to building the great architecture of Greece. The great Greek temples are visual representations of the mathematical and aesthetic theories of their day. Today, our modern skyscrapersRead MoreModernism Movement : High And Low Modernism1277 Words   |  6 Pagesof diverse cultures, various forms of art and design had been constituted by the influences of the preceding movements, revolutions, eras and a variety of history events. Human technologies and industrializations are one of the key factors that pushed the society one step forward to every new milestone. However, how did the historic background and social circumstances provoke the artists and designers with inspirations of new ideas and philosophy towards art and design? How did the movements influenceRead MoreContemporary Art And Art Theory Of Africa And Asia At Soas Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesroot of my desire to study Contemporary Art and Art Theory of Africa and Asia at SOAS. Art is one of global society’s most fluid tools for justice and equity. Working as an Arts Administrator for the Bronx Council on the Arts, I’ve further realized the significance the arts have historically had and continue to have as ancillary support for failing institutions. This is of utmost importance to me because I am interested in the many ways art forms and art objects have been used historically in AfricanRead More My Philosophy of Education Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Education It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. -Albert Einstein The foundation for my philosophy of teaching is very simple. I believe that if I am bored, the students are bored. I structure my teaching methods and strategies towards grasping not only the interests of my students but of myself as well. This enables my students to take away a positive experience from the learning process. Many times studentsRead MorePersonal Info : The Education System1198 Words   |  5 Pageseducation in different counties and what I have learned about the education systems throughout the states, I came up with a philosophy that I think would work best in a classroom setting. 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Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 5 Free Essays

â€Å"I guess New Orleans really is the most haunted city in America,† I murmured. â€Å"Ye think it was a ghost up here?† Charlie’s voice wavered, and he inched toward the door. â€Å"What?† I dragged my gaze from the picture. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Oh. Maybe.† What did I know? I’d dreamed the face of a man who’d been dead for a century and a half. I’d found a bad-luck voodoo flower in my bed. I was in Louisiana searching for a werewolf, for crying out loud. I shouldn’t be let loose without a keeper. Charlie tugged on my arm. â€Å"Let’s get outta here.† His hands were ice-cold. Poor kid. I took pity on him and went. As we hurried across the grass, I wondered aloud, â€Å"The photo was the only thing left in the house. Wouldn’t someone have stolen it by now?† Charlie leaped from the dock to the boat. â€Å"I dunno.† Neither did I. He drove the boat as if we were being chased, then dumped me back where he’d found me. â€Å"We still on for tonight?† I asked. â€Å"Sure. Swamp I got no problem with.† Charlie left with a roar of the motor, sending a huge wave over both the dock and my sneakers. I returned to the hotel, where I discovered my flower was gone. I’d have figured the maid disposed of the thing, except my room hadn’t been cleaned yet â€Å"No, ma’am,† the girl insisted when I tracked her down. â€Å"I haven’t gotten to your floor.† â€Å"Did anyone else?† â€Å"No. That’s my responsibility.† She could be lying, but why? As I let myself back into my room, my cell phone rang. I glanced at the caller ID. Frank. I’d been meaning to call him but kept getting distracted. â€Å"What did you find?† he demanded without the courtesy of a hello. I wasn’t sure what to say. I hadn’t found anything except a voodoo flower and a picture of a ghost. Neither one had any bearing on what Frank had hired me to do. So instead of answering his question, I asked one of my own. â€Å"Why did you write the name Adam Ruelle next to the guide’s information?† â€Å"I didn’t tell you?† Frank sighed. â€Å"My mind is not what it used to be, I’m afraid. Ruelle land has been the favored territory for the loup-garou.† Considering Ruelle land was basically a swamp, except for the small area where the house had been built, I could see why. â€Å"Could you rent the mansion?† I asked. â€Å"I’d like to use it as my base of operations.† â€Å"I bet I could,† Frank said slowly. â€Å"Great idea. You’re going to find the loup-garou; I’m sure of it† â€Å"Thanks,† I said dryly. â€Å"You understand, don’t you, Frank, that the possibility of discovering a werewolf is pretty slim?† Right up there with the possibility of there actually being one, but I wasn’t going to tell him that He was paying my salary. â€Å"I understand,† Frank said. â€Å"But mere’s something there. Something new and exciting. Can’t you feel it?† I could, and I was both frightened and fascinated. â€Å"Did you see Ruelle?† he asked. I wasn’t sure. â€Å"According to the locals,† I murmured, â€Å"he’s been missing for years.† â€Å"Bullshit! He’s there, and he knows something.† I started to get uneasy about Frank. â€Å"Have you met this guy?† I asked. He hesitated. â€Å"Not him. His†¦ father.† â€Å"Does he have any information?† â€Å"He’s dead.† â€Å"That seems to be going around.† â€Å"Find me the werewolf, Diana. I need it.† Frank hung up, and when I redialed his number, I got voice mail. I wondered again about the accident that had made him a recluse. Had he fallen on his head? Why would he need a werewolf? I shrugged and pocketed my cell phone. Until his checks became as bent as he was, I’d just keep doing what Frank had hired me to do. With several hours until I met Charlie, I took a stroll down Bourbon. My feet led me to Royal Street, and from there to a tiny shop tucked back from the others. Cassandra’s. I stepped inside. The contrast between heated sunshine and cool shadow, frantic noise and a certain peace, made me dizzy. I caught the scent of herbs, spice, heard the trickle of water somewhere in the distance, and music. Not jazz or even the blues. Something folksy with drums. A tune that was as ancient as time. â€Å"Hello?† I called. No answer. I had a sense someone was watching me, which seemed to happen a lot lately, and was making me increasingly paranoid. A doorway covered with beads of many colors led into the back. I saw nothing beyond their plastic sheen, which was, I’m sure, the whole idea. I turned toward the retail section of the store, took three steps, and stopped. Someone wasn’t watching me; something was. A huge, coiled snake occupied a cage in the corner, its eyes black and unblinking. Eyes of the dead. Long, brown, with uneven black circles all over its body, the reptile appeared to be a python. Was that even legal? I inched away. The cage looked secure enough, but I didn’t want to get him excited. There were plenty of other items to view in the snake-free section of the store. Shelves full of bottles, bowls, which were in turn full of†¦ stuff. With none of it marked, I was clueless. Several mini cloth sacks stuffed with Lord knows what lay on the countertop. I brushed my fingertip across one of them, and I could have sworn it shimmied on its own. â€Å"Gris-gris.† I lifted my gaze to the woman standing in front of the beaded doorway. How had she come through without making them go clackety-clack? â€Å"I’m sorry?† I said. She moved behind the counter, picking up one of the bags. â€Å"A gris-gris, meaning charm or talisman. For good luck.† Her lack of an accent revealed her to be as much a stranger here as I was. â€Å"Not bad luck?† In my memory banks gris-gris meant â€Å"cursed.† â€Å"Not in my shop.† My shop. This was Priestess Cassandra? I’d expected her to be African-American, or perhaps Haitian, since voodoo had taken root and grown there. She’d wear a turban, a flowing dress, bangles on her wrists, huge hoops in her ears. Instead, Cassandra was a tiny blue-eyed white girl with a single streak of gray marring the right temple of her short, black hair. Hair that appeared to have been hacked off recently, by someone who did not know what they were doing. To my amazement, the style complemented Cassandra’s high cheekbones and pointed chin, softening them just enough to nudge her toward stunning. She was dressed in ratty jeans, a pink T-shirt, and her feet were bare, except for the rings on two of her toes. If not for the premature gray, I would have mistaken her for a coed at Tulane. â€Å"You have a question?† she asked. â€Å"Something bugging you?† â€Å"You psychic?† Her smile was sweet, as if I were a child, though I had to be older than her by several years. â€Å"Everyone is at times.† I snorted, then realized how rude that was. â€Å"Sorry.† She spread her hands. â€Å"We believe what we believe.† Even if I was in town searching for a werewolf, that didn’t mean I bought into voodoo and other mind games. I had my standards. â€Å"I do have questions,† I said. â€Å"Doesn’t everyone?† â€Å"Some have answers.† I lifted a brow and she laughed. â€Å"But not many. How can I help you†¦ ?† She tilted her head, waiting for me to introduce myself. â€Å"I’m Diana.† â€Å"Moon goddess.† I stilled at the tickle of a memory. I’d heard that before, or something like it, in my dream last night. Cassandra studied my face. â€Å"You didn’t know the meaning?† â€Å"I do, but my parents named me after my grandmother. Knowing them, there wasn’t any discussion of the moon involved.† â€Å"Regardless, names have power and purpose. Cassandra means prophet† â€Å"How†¦ convenient.† She laughed again, as if I were the funniest person to come into her shop in years. I took in the herbs, the beads, the snake. Maybe I was. Hissing erupted from beyond the chicken wire. â€Å"Relax, Lazarus. She’s a friend.† â€Å"Lazarus? As in risen from the dead?† â€Å"Names have power,† was all she said. â€Å"What’s your question?† I frowned at the snake, which was staring at me again. The idea that the reptile might not die or, if dead, would rise, was a very creepy thought indeed. Weren’t zombies a part of the whole voodoo thing? And snake zombies†¦ Well, I didn’t even want to go there. â€Å"There’s a flower in the swamp,† I said. â€Å"A fire iris?† â€Å"Yes.† Cassandra moved down the row of shelves and began to pull out a little of this and a little of that, sprinkling the unknown items into a gris-gris bag. â€Å"Very powerful.† â€Å"What does it mean when someone leaves one on your bed?† She paused, fingers poised over a basket of what appeared to be dried chicken bones. Then, as if she’d had second thoughts, she took a pinch of red dust instead and scattered it on top. â€Å"Not ‘welcome to the neighborhood,'† she murmured. â€Å"Can you bring me the flower?† I cleared my throat â€Å"It’s gone.† â€Å"Hmm.† She turned to a completely different set of shelves and continued to mix and match. â€Å"Another question?† She hadn’t answered the first. Not really. â€Å"Do you know anything about a wolf in the area?† Her hand froze above a glass jar of what looked like black olives but probably weren’t â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"I told you. Di – â€Å" â€Å"Not your name. Why are you here? In New Orleans?† â€Å"I’m a cryptozoologist. I was hired to find the wolf in the swamp.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"That’s my job. Finding unknown animals† â€Å"A wolf isn’t unknown.† â€Å"In Louisiana it is.† â€Å"What if there isn’t a wolf? Or at least not a wolf as you know them?† â€Å"Even better.† She cast me a quick glance, then busied herself tying a string around the top of the gris-gris. â€Å"There’s a legend about the Honey Island Swamp.† â€Å"The swamp monster?† Her derisive hiss was echoed by the snake in the cage. â€Å"Nothing more than an overgrown nutria rat, which scared some half-wits over two decades ago.† Interesting theory – and one that explained the legend nicely. Cassandra was both refreshingly levelheaded and disturbingly strange. â€Å"I meant the legend of the loup-garou,† she continued. Now we were getting somewhere. â€Å"The werewolf.† â€Å"You’ve heard the tale.† She stared at me for a long moment â€Å"But you don’t believe mere’s any such thing, do you?† I ignored her question to ask one of my own: â€Å"Have you seen a wolf?† Cassandra moved to the front window and peered at the street â€Å"There’s something out there. Something that comes and goes. Something that kills and is never caught† â€Å"Wolves don’t kill people.† She turned, and her now-sober eyes met mine. â€Å"Exactly.† â€Å"What’s the legend?† In my world, legends often skirted the truth. I needed to listen, to analyze, to pick and choose what was real and what was not â€Å"Over a hundred years ago a man was cursed.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"He was a man. Isn’t that enough?† I smirked. I really shouldn’t like her so much. If she wasn’t nuts, she was at least a charlatan. â€Å"Every crescent moon he runs as a wolf.† That much I knew; the question was – â€Å"Why not the full moon?† â€Å"A loup-garou is special.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"You have an awful lot of questions for someone who doesn’t believe.† â€Å"I’m curious.† â€Å"He was cursed,† she repeated. â€Å"Why?† I sounded like a broken record. â€Å"Because he owned people, and he would not set them free.† Slaves. I should have known. Voodoo came to this country with those brought here in chains. I had to say, if anyone had bought and sold me, I’d have cursed their ass, too. â€Å"So his slaves voodoo-cursed him to become a wolf under the crescent moon?† â€Å"Not a wolf, a werewolf.† â€Å"What’s the difference?† â€Å"A wolf is an animal, but a werewolf is monster. An evil thing, ruled by the moon and possessed by bloodlust. They’re given life, but they can’t live. They can hate, but they can’t love. They think like a human and kill like a beast, no longer caring about anything or anyone but themselves.† I guess I didn’t want to meet one in a dark alley. â€Å"Why the crescent moon and not the full?† I asked. â€Å"Besides the fact that this is the Crescent City?† Frank had mentioned that. I’d thought it nothing more than an interesting coincidence. However, when dealing with curses, coincidences weren’t always so coincidental. Not that I believed in curses, but some people did. Obviously Cassandra was one of them. â€Å"The full moon comes but once a month,† she continued. â€Å"The crescent arrives twice.† â€Å"Double your cursing pleasure,† I muttered. Cassandra nodded. â€Å"A full moon is technically one night only, but each crescent lasts several days, bestowing multiple madness every lunar cycle.† â€Å"Who was this guy? Simon Legree?† I hated that the first name of my beloved husband and that of the legendary bad guy from Uncle Tom’s Cabin were the same, but I hadn’t written the book and Harriet Beecher Stowe had died long before I had a chance to complain. â€Å"Nobody knows for certain who the man was,† Cassandra said. â€Å"In the way of legends, he was probably an amalgamation of every slave owner. Doomed to be damned for eternity by their own greed.† â€Å"Do you believe a werewolf is running around the Honey Island Swamp?† â€Å"Maybe there is; maybe there isn’t. But a wolf’s been seen. People have been killed.† â€Å"What do the police think?† â€Å"They’re like you. Never believe until they see. No wolves in Louisiana, so the culprit has to be a wild dog, or a coyote.† I remembered something Simon had told me. â€Å"Wolves won’t tolerate coyotes in their territory. Drives ’em nuts.† â€Å"OK.† Cassandra appeared puzzled by my seemingly random thought. â€Å"But what about werewolves and coyotes?† That I wasn’t sure about. Another thought occurred to me. â€Å"Don’t those bitten by a werewolf become werewolves themselves?† â€Å"So the legends say.† â€Å"Then if there’s a werewolf in New Orleans – and has been for over a hundred years – shouldn’t there be more than one?† Cassandra pressed the gris-gris into my hand. â€Å"Who says there aren’t?† How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 5, Essay examples

Manager Roles and Skills Essay Example

Manager Roles and Skills Essay Describe three different roles of a manager; what skills are essential to perform these roles? Ans: Many people say, that â€Å"management is what managers do† While that’s true, it doesn’t tell us much unfortunately. So in order to understand the concept of management, you have to understand what managers do. There are three specific categorization schemes to explain what managers do, result of many years of research and study: †¢ Roles (Henry Mintzberg) †¢ Skills (Robert L. Katz) There are three different management roles, which can be subdivided in ten more categories, which I am going to discuss here. Management Roles: Henry Mintzberg is a well know researcher, and the results of his studies about the work of managers were published in The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper Row, 1973). The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior, and Mintzberg concluded that what managers do, can be described by studying ten different and interrelated roles, grouped around interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and last, but not least, decision making. Interpersonal Roles The ones that, like the name suggests, involve people and other ceremonial duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leader – Responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figurehead – The symbolic head of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liaison – Maintains the communication between all contacts and informers that compose the organizational network. Informational Roles Related to collecting, receiving, and disseminating information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monitor – Personally seek and receive information, to be able to understand the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disseminator – Transmits all import information received from outsiders to the members of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spokesperson – On the contrary to the above role, here the manager transmits the organization’s plans, policies and actions to outsiders. Decisiona l Roles Roles that revolve around making choices.   Ã‚           Entrepreneur – Seeks opportunities. Basically they search for change, respond to it, and exploit it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Negotiator – Represents the organization at major negotiations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resource Allocator – Makes or approves all significant decisions related to the allocation of resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disturbance Handler – Responsible for corrective action when the organization faces disturbances. It’s worth to mention that Mintzberg also considered that as managers perform the roles described above, their activities include reflection and action. Reflection (also called thoughtful thinking) because managers think, ponders and contemplates about their decisions. Action (or practical doing) because every time they act, they are doing something, they are applying their decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mintzberg’s approach is debatable, but several studies that tested the Management Roles categories in different types of organizations support the idea that managers do perform similar roles. What does change is the emphasis given to each role that may vary depending on the organizational level. Management Skills: A managers job is varied and complex. Managers need certain skills to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager. What type of skills does a manager need? Research by Robert L. Katz found that managers needed three essential skills. These are technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. Technical skills include knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or manufacturing. These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organizations work. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, this skill is crucial! Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. These skills are equally important at all levels of management. Finally conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills managers must be able to see the organization as a whole, understand the relationship among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important at top level anagement. A professional association of practicing managers, the American Management Association, has identified important skills for managers that encompass conceptual, communication, effectiveness, and interpersonal aspects. These are briefly described below: Conceptual Skills: Ability to use information to solve business problems, identification of opportunities for innovation, recognizing problem a reas and implementing solutions, selecting critical information from masses of data, understanding the business uses of technology, understanding the organizations business model. Communication Skills: Ability to transform ideas into words and actions, credibility among colleagues, peers, and subordinates, listening and asking questions, presentation skills and spoken format, presentation skills; written and graphic formats Effectiveness Skills: Contributing to corporate mission/departmental objectives, customer focus, multitasking; working at multiple tasks at parallel, negotiating skills, project management, reviewing operations and implementing improvements, setting and maintaining performance standards internally and externally, setting priorities for attention and activity, time management. Interpersonal Skills: Coaching and mentoring skills, diversity skills; working with diverse people and culture, networking within the organization, networking outside the organization, working in teams; cooperation and commitment. Conclusion: In todays demanding and dynamic workplace, employees who are invaluable to an organization must be willing to constantly upgrade their skills and take on extra work outside their own specific job areas. There is no doubt that skills will continue to be an important way of describing what a manager does. Q # 2: Contrast between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning theories of learning. Give suitable example for each. Ans: 1. Classical Conditioning: If a stimulus that results in an emotional response is repeated alongside another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical Conditioning is thus ‘learning by association’. In more detail, we are pre-conditioned to unconditionally respond in certain ways to stimuli. For example a sudden noise (an unconditional stimulus, US) makes us flinch (the unconditional response, UR). If a movement is made at the same time as, or just before the noise, such as moving hands to clap loudly (conditional stimulus, CS), then the person will learn to flinch when the movement is made without the noise necessarily being there (the conditional response, CR). Thus the association is made between the US and CS, with either stimulating the same response. Classical Conditioning  does not work in all circumstances. In particular it is more effective where the conditioning may be of evolutionary benefit. Experiment: Pavlov did famous experiments with dogs, ringing a bell and then feeding them. After a while, he could ring the bell and their mouths would salivate. Garcia and Koelling (1966) showed that rats soon learned to avoid a sweet-tasting liquid when it was followed by an injection that made them ill, but they did not learn to avoid the liquid when they received electric shocks afterwards. Presumably this is connected with learning what foods they could safely eat. The rats did, however, learn to avoid the electric shock when it was paired with light and noise (but injection light/noise failed). Maybe this is related to learning about natural hazards like lightning or falling objects. Example: I liked my aunt, she always made me feel warm and wanted. She always wore a particular perfume. When I smell the perfume now, I immediately feel warm and wanted. So what? Using it If you want to persuade someone to do something, get them to do it at the same time as doing something they like doing. Do something specific every time they do something you want (like touching them somewhere or making a specific sound). Then do that specific thing and theyll think of doing the desired behavior. Defending Watch out for people repeatedly touching you or having strange behaviors. Check that theyre not trying to program you. 2. Operant Conditioning: A behavior will increase if it is followed by positive reinforcement. It will decrease if it is followed by punishment. Operant Conditioning is thus ‘learning by consequences’. Whereas Classical Conditioning involves automatic, pre-programmed responses, Operant Conditioning involves learned behaviors. Also, whilst Classical Conditioning associates two stimuli, Operant Conditioning associates a stimulus and a response. Favorable circumstances are generally known as reinforcing stimuli or reinforces, whilst unfavorable circumstances are known as punishing stimuli or punishers. Operant Conditioning is also known as Instrumental Conditioning. Experiment: Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed. From accidental knocking of the lever, they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get food. Example: Parents often try to balance praise and punishment. To be effective, they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguishthey should not punish for not doing what should be done. So what? Using it: If you want someone to work harder, do not punish them when they do not work—reward them when they do. If you want them to stop smoking, make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain. men Manager Roles and Skills Essay Example Manager Roles and Skills Essay Describe three different roles of a manager; what skills are essential to perform these roles? Ans: Many people say, that â€Å"management is what managers do† While that’s true, it doesn’t tell us much unfortunately. So in order to understand the concept of management, you have to understand what managers do. There are three specific categorization schemes to explain what managers do, result of many years of research and study: †¢ Roles (Henry Mintzberg) †¢ Skills (Robert L. Katz) There are three different management roles, which can be subdivided in ten more categories, which I am going to discuss here. Management Roles: Henry Mintzberg is a well know researcher, and the results of his studies about the work of managers were published in The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper Row, 1973). The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior, and Mintzberg concluded that what managers do, can be described by studying ten different and interrelated roles, grouped around interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and last, but not least, decision making. Interpersonal Roles The ones that, like the name suggests, involve people and other ceremonial duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leader – Responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figurehead – The symbolic head of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liaison – Maintains the communication between all contacts and informers that compose the organizational network. Informational Roles Related to collecting, receiving, and disseminating information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monitor – Personally seek and receive information, to be able to understand the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disseminator – Transmits all import information received from outsiders to the members of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spokesperson – On the contrary to the above role, here the manager transmits the organization’s plans, policies and actions to outsiders. Decisiona l Roles Roles that revolve around making choices.   Ã‚           Entrepreneur – Seeks opportunities. Basically they search for change, respond to it, and exploit it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Negotiator – Represents the organization at major negotiations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resource Allocator – Makes or approves all significant decisions related to the allocation of resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disturbance Handler – Responsible for corrective action when the organization faces disturbances. It’s worth to mention that Mintzberg also considered that as managers perform the roles described above, their activities include reflection and action. Reflection (also called thoughtful thinking) because managers think, ponders and contemplates about their decisions. Action (or practical doing) because every time they act, they are doing something, they are applying their decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manager Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mintzberg’s approach is debatable, but several studies that tested the Management Roles categories in different types of organizations support the idea that managers do perform similar roles. What does change is the emphasis given to each role that may vary depending on the organizational level. Management Skills: A managers job is varied and complex. Managers need certain skills to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager. What type of skills does a manager need? Research by Robert L. Katz found that managers needed three essential skills. These are technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. Technical skills include knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or manufacturing. These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organizations work. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, this skill is crucial! Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. These skills are equally important at all levels of management. Finally conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills managers must be able to see the organization as a whole, understand the relationship among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important at top level anagement. A professional association of practicing managers, the American Management Association, has identified important skills for managers that encompass conceptual, communication, effectiveness, and interpersonal aspects. These are briefly described below: Conceptual Skills: Ability to use information to solve business problems, identification of opportunities for innovation, recognizing problem a reas and implementing solutions, selecting critical information from masses of data, understanding the business uses of technology, understanding the organizations business model. Communication Skills: Ability to transform ideas into words and actions, credibility among colleagues, peers, and subordinates, listening and asking questions, presentation skills and spoken format, presentation skills; written and graphic formats Effectiveness Skills: Contributing to corporate mission/departmental objectives, customer focus, multitasking; working at multiple tasks at parallel, negotiating skills, project management, reviewing operations and implementing improvements, setting and maintaining performance standards internally and externally, setting priorities for attention and activity, time management. Interpersonal Skills: Coaching and mentoring skills, diversity skills; working with diverse people and culture, networking within the organization, networking outside the organization, working in teams; cooperation and commitment. Conclusion: In todays demanding and dynamic workplace, employees who are invaluable to an organization must be willing to constantly upgrade their skills and take on extra work outside their own specific job areas. There is no doubt that skills will continue to be an important way of describing what a manager does. Q # 2: Contrast between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning theories of learning. Give suitable example for each. Ans: 1. Classical Conditioning: If a stimulus that results in an emotional response is repeated alongside another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical Conditioning is thus ‘learning by association’. In more detail, we are pre-conditioned to unconditionally respond in certain ways to stimuli. For example a sudden noise (an unconditional stimulus, US) makes us flinch (the unconditional response, UR). If a movement is made at the same time as, or just before the noise, such as moving hands to clap loudly (conditional stimulus, CS), then the person will learn to flinch when the movement is made without the noise necessarily being there (the conditional response, CR). Thus the association is made between the US and CS, with either stimulating the same response. Classical Conditioning  does not work in all circumstances. In particular it is more effective where the conditioning may be of evolutionary benefit. Experiment: Pavlov did famous experiments with dogs, ringing a bell and then feeding them. After a while, he could ring the bell and their mouths would salivate. Garcia and Koelling (1966) showed that rats soon learned to avoid a sweet-tasting liquid when it was followed by an injection that made them ill, but they did not learn to avoid the liquid when they received electric shocks afterwards. Presumably this is connected with learning what foods they could safely eat. The rats did, however, learn to avoid the electric shock when it was paired with light and noise (but injection light/noise failed). Maybe this is related to learning about natural hazards like lightning or falling objects. Example: I liked my aunt, she always made me feel warm and wanted. She always wore a particular perfume. When I smell the perfume now, I immediately feel warm and wanted. So what? Using it If you want to persuade someone to do something, get them to do it at the same time as doing something they like doing. Do something specific every time they do something you want (like touching them somewhere or making a specific sound). Then do that specific thing and theyll think of doing the desired behavior. Defending Watch out for people repeatedly touching you or having strange behaviors. Check that theyre not trying to program you. 2. Operant Conditioning: A behavior will increase if it is followed by positive reinforcement. It will decrease if it is followed by punishment. Operant Conditioning is thus ‘learning by consequences’. Whereas Classical Conditioning involves automatic, pre-programmed responses, Operant Conditioning involves learned behaviors. Also, whilst Classical Conditioning associates two stimuli, Operant Conditioning associates a stimulus and a response. Favorable circumstances are generally known as reinforcing stimuli or reinforces, whilst unfavorable circumstances are known as punishing stimuli or punishers. Operant Conditioning is also known as Instrumental Conditioning. Experiment: Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed. From accidental knocking of the lever, they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get food. Example: Parents often try to balance praise and punishment. To be effective, they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguishthey should not punish for not doing what should be done. So what? Using it: If you want someone to work harder, do not punish them when they do not work—reward them when they do. If you want them to stop smoking, make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain. men